Afghanistan: Soldiers flee to Tajikistan after Taliban clashes

From 9/11, to intense fighting on the ground, and now full withdrawal of US-led forces, here’s what happened.

9/11

11 September 2001

Al-Qaeda, led by Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan, carries out the largest terror attack ever conducted on US soil.

Image caption The World Trade Centre is reduced to rubble

Image copyright by Getty

Four commercial airliners are hijacked. Two are flown into the World Trade Centre in New York, which collapses. One hits the Pentagon building in Washington, and one crashes into a field in Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people are killed.

First air strikes

7 October 2001

A US-led coalition bombs Taliban and al-Qaeda facilities in Afghanistan. Targets include Kabul, Kandahar and Jalalabad. The Taliban refuse to hand over Bin Laden. Their air defences and small fleet of fighter aircraft are destroyed.

Fall of Kabul

13 November 2001

The Northern Alliance, a group of anti-Taliban rebels backed by coalition forces, enters Kabul as the Taliban flee the city.

Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat

Image caption Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat

Image copyright by Getty

By the 13 November 2001, all Taliban have either fled or been neutralised. Other cities quickly fall.

New constitution

26 January 2004

After protracted negotiations at a “loya jirga” or grand assembly, the new Afghan constitution is signed into law. The constitution paves the way for presidential elections in October 2004.

Hamid Karzai becomes president

7 December 2004

Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president

Image caption Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president

Image copyright by Getty

Hamid Karzai, the leader of the Popalzai Durrani tribe, becomes the first president under the new constitution. He serves two five-year terms as president.

UK troops deployed to Helmand

May 2006

British troops arrive in Helmand province, a Taliban stronghold in the south of the country.

Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand

Image caption Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand

Image copyright by Getty

Their initial mission is to support reconstruction projects, but they are quickly drawn into combat operations. More than 450 British troops lose their lives in Afghanistan over the course of the conflict.

Obama’s surge

17 February 2009

US President Barack Obama approves a major increase in the number of troops sent to Afghanistan. At their peak, they number about 140,000.

US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country

Image caption US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country

Image copyright by Getty

The so-called “surge” is modelled on US strategy in Iraq where US forces focussed on protecting the civilian population as well as killing insurgent fighters.

Osama Bin Laden killed

2 May 2011

Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy

Image caption Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy

Image copyright by Getty

The leader of al-Qaeda is killed in an assault by US Navy Seals on a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan. Bin Laden’s body is removed and buried at sea. The operation ends a 10-year hunt led by the CIA.  The confirmation that Bin Laden had been living on Pakistani soil fuels accusations in the US that Pakistan is an unreliable ally in the war on terror.

Death of Mullah Omar

23 April 2013

The founder of the Taliban, Mullah Mohammed Omar, dies. His death is kept secret for more than two years.

The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s

Image caption The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s

Image copyright by EPA

According to Afghan intelligence, Mullah Omar dies of health problems at a hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Pakistan denies that he was in the country.

Nato ends combat operations

28 December 2014

At a ceremony in Kabul, Nato ends its combat operations in Afghanistan. With the surge now over, the US withdraws thousands of troops.  Most of those who remain focus on training and supporting the Afghan security forces.

Taliban resurgence

2015

The Taliban launch a series of suicide attacks, car bombings and other assaults. The parliament building in Kabul, and the city of Kunduz are attacked. Islamic State militants begin operations in Afghanistan.

Kabul's international airport is struck on 10 August 2015

Image caption Kabul’s international airport is struck on 10 August 2015

Image copyright by Getty

Death toll announcement

25 January 2019

Afghan President Ashraf Ghani says more than 45,000 members of his country’s security forces have been killed since he became leader in 2014. The figure is far higher than previously thought.

US signs deal with Taliban

29 February 2020

The US and the Taliban sign an “agreement for bringing peace” to Afghanistan, in Doha, Qatar. The US and Nato allies agree to withdraw all troops within 14 months if the militants uphold the deal.

The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal

Image caption The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal

Image copyright by Getty

Date for final withdrawal

11 September 2021

US forces are scheduled to withdraw from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021, exactly 20 years since 9/11. There are strong indications that the withdrawal may be complete before the official deadline.

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Tajik border guards said Afghan soldiers were being provided with shelter and food, but further details were not available. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Zabihullah Atiq, a parliamentarian from Badakhshan, said the troops had used various routes to flee. Tajik border guards said Afghan soldiers were being provided with shelter and food, but further details were not available. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”image”,”model”:{“image”:{“alt”:”Presentational grey line”,”copyright”:null,”height”:2,”width”:464,”src”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg”,”srcSet”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg 976w”}}},{“type”:”crosshead”,”text”:”Army morale sinks as violence spreads”},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”By Kawoon Khamoosh, BBC News”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”By Kawoon Khamoosh, BBC News”,”attributes”:[“bold”]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”With the new surge in violence across the country, Afghan forces are facing an unprecedented level of combat in the absence of foreign troops.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”With the new surge in violence across the country, Afghan forces are facing an unprecedented level of combat in the absence of foreign troops.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Government officials have been tweeting non-stop to keep soldiers motivated by underlying their sacrifices. But much of the troops’ motivation disappears amid news of retreat, collapse of key districts and casualties.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Government officials have been tweeting non-stop to keep soldiers motivated by underlying their sacrifices. But much of the troops’ motivation disappears amid news of retreat, collapse of key districts and casualties.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Military officials in Kabul have talked about “tactical retreat” whenever insurgents made gains, but we hear from commanders in the battlefield about a lack of ammunition, and delays in sending support.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Military officials in Kabul have talked about “tactical retreat” whenever insurgents made gains, but we hear from commanders in the battlefield about a lack of ammunition, and delays in sending support.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”In Badakhshan province, where the government lost significant territory in recent days, local sources say many government officials “escaped” to Kabul way before Taliban attacks.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”In Badakhshan province, where the government lost significant territory in recent days, local sources say many government officials “escaped” to Kabul way before Taliban attacks.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Not only can this dishearten soldiers, but it also raises the bigger question of the loyalty of high-ranking officials in peace talks. Will political leaders – whose families already reside abroad – remain in the country if full-scale civil war erupts?”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Not only can this dishearten soldiers, but it also raises the bigger question of the loyalty of high-ranking officials in peace talks. Will political leaders – whose families already reside abroad – remain in the country if full-scale civil war erupts?”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”image”,”model”:{“image”:{“alt”:”Presentational grey line”,”copyright”:null,”height”:2,”width”:464,”src”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg”,”srcSet”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg 976w”}}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”President Ashraf Ghani insists that Afghan security forces are fully capable of keeping insurgents at bay, but there have also been reports of more soldiers seeking refuge in Pakistan and Uzbekistan to escape the fighting.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”President Ashraf Ghani insists that Afghan security forces are fully capable of keeping insurgents at bay, but there have also been reports of more soldiers seeking refuge in Pakistan and Uzbekistan to escape the fighting.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Neighbouring countries are bracing themselves for a potential influx of refugees if the fighting continues to intensify.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Neighbouring countries are bracing themselves for a potential influx of refugees if the fighting continues to intensify.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen told the BBC the group was not responsible for the recent increase in violence. He insisted that many districts had fallen to the Taliban through mediation after Afghan soldiers refused to fight.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”urlLink”,”model”:{“text”:”Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen told the BBC the group was not responsible for the recent increase in violence”,”locator”:”https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57714808″,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen told the BBC the group was not responsible for the recent increase in violence”,”attributes”:[]}}]}},{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”. He insisted that many districts had fallen to the Taliban through mediation after Afghan soldiers refused to fight.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”media”,”model”:{“caption”:””US forces remaining would violate Doha agreement” – Taliban”,”media”:{“__typename”:”ElementsMediaPlayer”,”items”:[{“id”:”p09ncnsm”,”title”:”‘US forces remaining would violate Doha agreement’ – Taliban”,”holdingImageUrl”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p09ncqf8.jpg”,”kind”:”programme”,”isEmbeddingAllowed”:true,”isAdvertisingAllowed”:true}]}}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”For the people of Afghanistan, it is a worrying time, says Lyse Doucet, the BBC’s chief international correspondent. The Taliban, who have been accused of various human rights and cultural abuses, support Islamic punishments – such as public executions of convicted murderers – as well as banning television, music and cinema, and disapproving of girls over 10 going to school. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”For the people of Afghanistan, it is a worrying time, says Lyse Doucet, the BBC’s chief international correspondent. The Taliban, who have been accused of various human rights and cultural abuses, support Islamic punishments – such as public executions of convicted murderers – as well as banning television, music and cinema, and disapproving of girls over 10 going to school. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:””They are uncertain about uncertain about their own lives and the futures of their families,” she says.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:””They are uncertain about uncertain about their own lives and the futures of their families,” she says.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Zahra, a 25-year-old resident of Kabul, is among those concerned about the future.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Zahra, a 25-year-old resident of Kabul, is among those concerned about the future.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:””People are expecting a wider than ever war. A lot of people in Kabul fear that the Taliban might reach us at any time,” she told BBC OS on World Service radio. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:””People are expecting a wider than ever war. A lot of people in Kabul fear that the Taliban might reach us at any time,” she told “,”attributes”:[]}},{“type”:”urlLink”,”model”:{“text”:”BBC OS on World Service radio. “,”locator”:”https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172xxxl70t40gx”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”BBC OS on World Service radio. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”image”,”model”:{“caption”:{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Zahra said people in Kabul feared the Taliban could reach the city “at any time””,”attributes”:[]}}]}},”image”:{“alt”:”Zahra, a 25-year-old resident of Kabul”,”copyright”:”Photo supplied”,”height”:549,”width”:976,”src”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg”,”srcSet”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg 976w”}}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Jamshid, a student at Kabul University, said he did not plan to stay in the country if the Taliban took power. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Jamshid, a student at Kabul University, said he did not plan to stay in the country if the Taliban took power. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”There are also growing concerns about how to protect diplomatic missions in Afghanistan. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”There are also growing concerns about how to protect diplomatic missions in Afghanistan. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Russia on Monday announced that it had temporarily suspended operations at its consulate in the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif because of the deteriorating security situation. Envoy Zamir Kabulov said Afghan troops had surrendered too many districts, making the situation unstable. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Russia on Monday announced that it had temporarily suspended operations at its consulate in the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif because of the deteriorating security situation. Envoy Zamir Kabulov said Afghan troops had surrendered too many districts, making the situation unstable. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Turkey and Iran have also suspended operations in the city, moving diplomats to Kabul, according to reports. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Turkey and Iran have also suspended operations in the city, moving diplomats to Kabul, according to reports. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”US-led forces ousted the Taliban from power in Afghanistan in 2001. The group had been harbouring Osama Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda figures linked to the 9/11 attacks in the US that triggered the invasion. However, it has gradually regained enough strength to seize territory again.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”US-led forces ousted the Taliban from power in Afghanistan in 2001. The group had been harbouring Osama Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda figures linked to the 9/11 attacks in the US that triggered the invasion. 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Two are flown into the World Trade Centre in New York, which collapses. One hits the Pentagon building in Washington, and one crashes into a field in Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people are killed.”,”timeline__element_6-header”:”First air strikes”,”timeline__element_6-date”:”7 October 2001″,”text_7-value”:”A US-led coalition bombs Taliban and al-Qaeda facilities in Afghanistan. Targets include Kabul, Kandahar and Jalalabad. The Taliban refuse to hand over Bin Laden. Their air defences and small fleet of fighter aircraft are destroyed.”,”timeline__element_8-header”:”u003cstrong> u003c/strong>Fall of Kabul”,”timeline__element_8-date”:”13 November 2001″,”text_9-value”:”The Northern Alliance, a group of anti-Taliban rebels backed by coalition forces, enters Kabul as the Taliban flee the city.”,”figure_10-caption”:”Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat”,”figure_10-attribution”:”Getty”,”figure_10-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/3DEE/production/_119145851_gettyimages_na.jpg”,”text_11-value”:”By the 13 November 2001, all Taliban have either fled or been neutralised. Other cities quickly fall.”,”timeline__element_12-header”:”u003cstrong> u003c/strong>New constitution”,”timeline__element_12-date”:”26 January 2004″,”text_13-value”:”After protracted negotiations at a “loya jirga” or grand assembly, the new Afghan constitution is signed into law. The constitution paves the way for presidential elections in October 2004.”,”timeline__element_14-header”:”Hamid Karzai becomes president”,”timeline__element_14-date”:”7 December 2004″,”figure_15-caption”:”Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president”,”figure_15-attribution”:”Getty”,”figure_15-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/8C0E/production/_119145853_gettyimages_karzai.jpg”,”text_16-value”:”Hamid Karzai, the leader of the Popalzai Durrani tribe, becomes the first president under the new constitution. He serves two five-year terms as president.”,”timeline__element_17-header”:”UK troops deployed to Helmand”,”timeline__element_17-date”:”May 2006″,”text_18-value”:”British troops arrive in Helmand province, a Taliban stronghold in the south of the country.”,”figure_19-caption”:”Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand”,”figure_19-attribution”:”Getty”,”figure_19-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/B31E/production/_119145854_gettyimages-154419188.jpg”,”text_20-value”:”Their initial mission is to support reconstruction projects, but they are quickly drawn into combat operations. More than 450 British troops lose their lives in Afghanistan over the course of the conflict.”,”timeline__element_21-header”:”Obama’s surge”,”timeline__element_21-date”:”17 February 2009″,”text_22-value”:”US President Barack Obama approves a major increase in the number of troops sent to Afghanistan. At their peak, they number about 140,000.”,”figure_23-caption”:”US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country”,”figure_23-attribution”:”Getty”,”figure_23-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/DA2E/production/_119145855_gettyimages_surge.jpg”,”text_24-value”:”The so-called “surge” is modelled on US strategy in Iraq where US forces focussed on protecting the civilian population as well as killing insurgent fighters.”,”timeline__element_25-header”:”Osama Bin Laden killed”,”timeline__element_25-date”:”2 May 2011″,”figure_26-caption”:”Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy”,”figure_26-attribution”:”Getty”,”figure_26-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/1013E/production/_119145856_obl_gettypng.png”,”text_27-value”:”The leader of al-Qaeda is killed in an assault by US Navy Seals on a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan. Bin Laden’s body is removed and buried at sea. The operation ends a 10-year hunt led by the CIA.  The confirmation that Bin Laden had been living on Pakistani soil fuels accusations in the US that Pakistan is an unreliable ally in the war on terror.”,”timeline__element_28-header”:”Death of Mullah Omar”,”timeline__element_28-date”:”23 April 2013″,”text_29-value”:”The founder of the Taliban, Mullah Mohammed Omar, dies. His death is kept secret for more than two years.”,”figure_30-caption”:”The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s”,”figure_30-attribution”:”EPA”,”figure_30-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/1284E/production/_119145857_omar_epa_2.png”,”text_31-value”:”According to Afghan intelligence, Mullah Omar dies of health problems at a hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Pakistan denies that he was in the country.”,”timeline__element_32-header”:”Nato ends combat operations”,”timeline__element_32-date”:”28 December 2014″,”text_33-value”:”At a ceremony in Kabul, Nato ends its combat operations in Afghanistan. With the surge now over, the US withdraws thousands of troops.  Most of those who remain focus on training and supporting the Afghan security forces.”,”timeline__element_34-header”:”Taliban resurgence”,”timeline__element_34-date”:”2015″,”text_35-value”:”The Taliban launch a series of suicide attacks, car bombings and other assaults. The parliament building in Kabul, and the city of Kunduz are attacked. Islamic State militants begin operations in Afghanistan.”,”figure_36-caption”:”Kabul’s international airport is struck on 10 August 2015″,”figure_36-attribution”:”Getty”,”figure_36-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/10210/production/_119146066_gettyimages-flames.jpg”,”timeline__element_37-header”:”Death toll announcement”,”timeline__element_37-date”:”25 January 2019″,”text_38-value”:”Afghan President Ashraf Ghani says more than 45,000 members of his country’s security forces have been killed since he became leader in 2014. The figure is far higher than previously thought.”,”timeline__element_39-header”:”US signs deal with Taliban”,”timeline__element_39-date”:”29 February 2020″,”text_40-value”:”The US and the Taliban sign an “agreement for bringing peace” to Afghanistan, in Doha, Qatar. The US and Nato allies agree to withdraw all troops within 14 months if the militants uphold the deal.”,”figure_41-caption”:”The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal”,”figure_41-attribution”:”Getty”,”figure_41-src”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/DB00/production/_119146065_gettyimages_qatar.jpg”,”timeline__element_42-header”:”Date for final withdrawal”,”timeline__element_42-date”:”11 September 2021″,”text_43-value”:”US forces are scheduled to withdraw from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021, exactly 20 years since 9/11. 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rel=”stylesheet” href=”https://news.files.bbci.co.uk/include/vjeastasia/800-timeline_on_slack/assets/embed/css/inline.css??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″>nu003cdiv id=”responsive-embed-vjeastasia-800-timeline_on_slack-newsspec-31092″ class=”bbc-news-vj-embed-wrapper”>n u003cdiv id=”responsive-embed-vjeastasia-800-timeline_on_slack-newsspec-31092-core-content”>n u003cdiv class=”gel-wrap”>n u003cdiv class=”gel-layout”>n u003cdiv class=”gel-layout__item gel-1/1″>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline__container “>n u003ch2 class=”timeline__main-header”>u003cstrong>Twenty years of conflict in Afghanistan – what happened when?u003c/strong>u003c/h2>n u003cp>n u003cspan class=”gel-body-copy”>From 9/11, to intense fighting on the ground, and now full withdrawal of US-led forces, here’s what happened.u003c/span>n u003c/p>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__content”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__sideline timeline__sideline–bg”>u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n 9/11n u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>11 September 2001u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>Al-Qaeda, led by Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan, carries out the largest terror attack ever conducted on US soil.u003c/p>n n n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/16DE/production/_119145850_gettyimages_wtc.jpg??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”The World Trade Centre is reduced to rubble” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> The World Trade Centre is reduced to rubblen u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n n u003cp>Four commercial airliners are hijacked. Two are flown into the World Trade Centre in New York, which collapses. One hits the Pentagon building in Washington, and one crashes into a field in Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people are killed.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n First air strikesn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>7 October 2001u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>A US-led coalition bombs Taliban and al-Qaeda facilities in Afghanistan. Targets include Kabul, Kandahar and Jalalabad. The Taliban refuse to hand over Bin Laden. Their air defences and small fleet of fighter aircraft are destroyed.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n u003cstrong> u003c/strong>Fall of Kabuln u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>13 November 2001u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>The Northern Alliance, a group of anti-Taliban rebels backed by coalition forces, enters Kabul as the Taliban flee the city.u003c/p>n n n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/3DEE/production/_119145851_gettyimages_na.jpg??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreat” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> Coalition-backed Northern Alliance fighters ride tanks into Kabul as the Taliban retreatn u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n n u003cp>By the 13 November 2001, all Taliban have either fled or been neutralised. Other cities quickly fall.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n u003cstrong> u003c/strong>New constitutionn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>26 January 2004u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>After protracted negotiations at a “loya jirga” or grand assembly, the new Afghan constitution is signed into law. The constitution paves the way for presidential elections in October 2004.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Hamid Karzai becomes presidentn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>7 December 2004u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/8C0E/production/_119145853_gettyimages_karzai.jpg??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming president” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> Hamid Karzai led anti-Taliban groups around Kandahar before becoming presidentn u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n n u003cp>Hamid Karzai, the leader of the Popalzai Durrani tribe, becomes the first president under the new constitution. He serves two five-year terms as president.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n UK troops deployed to Helmandn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>May 2006u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>British troops arrive in Helmand province, a Taliban stronghold in the south of the country.u003c/p>n n n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/B31E/production/_119145854_gettyimages-154419188.jpg??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmand” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> Soldiers of the Parachute Regiment lead the first UK deployment to Helmandn u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n n u003cp>Their initial mission is to support reconstruction projects, but they are quickly drawn into combat operations. More than 450 British troops lose their lives in Afghanistan over the course of the conflict.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Obama’s surgen u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>17 February 2009u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>US President Barack Obama approves a major increase in the number of troops sent to Afghanistan. At their peak, they number about 140,000.u003c/p>n n n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/DA2E/production/_119145855_gettyimages_surge.jpg??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the country” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> US troops in intense combat operations in the south of the countryn u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n n u003cp>The so-called “surge” is modelled on US strategy in Iraq where US forces focussed on protecting the civilian population as well as killing insurgent fighters.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Osama Bin Laden killedn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>2 May 2011u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/1013E/production/_119145856_obl_gettypng.png??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> Bin Laden is traced to a compound located less than a mile from a Pakistani military academyn u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n n u003cp>The leader of al-Qaeda is killed in an assault by US Navy Seals on a compound in Abbottabad in Pakistan. Bin Laden’s body is removed and buried at sea. The operation ends a 10-year hunt led by the CIA.  The confirmation that Bin Laden had been living on Pakistani soil fuels accusations in the US that Pakistan is an unreliable ally in the war on terror.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Death of Mullah Omarn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>23 April 2013u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>The founder of the Taliban, Mullah Mohammed Omar, dies. His death is kept secret for more than two years.u003c/p>n n n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/1284E/production/_119145857_omar_epa_2.png??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980s” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> The Taliban leader is believed to have suffered a shrapnel wound to his right eye in the 1980sn u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> EPAn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n n u003cp>According to Afghan intelligence, Mullah Omar dies of health problems at a hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi. Pakistan denies that he was in the country.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Nato ends combat operationsn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>28 December 2014u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>At a ceremony in Kabul, Nato ends its combat operations in Afghanistan. With the surge now over, the US withdraws thousands of troops.  Most of those who remain focus on training and supporting the Afghan security forces.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Taliban resurgencen u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>2015u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>The Taliban launch a series of suicide attacks, car bombings and other assaults. The parliament building in Kabul, and the city of Kunduz are attacked. Islamic State militants begin operations in Afghanistan.u003c/p>n n n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/10210/production/_119146066_gettyimages-flames.jpg??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”Kabul’s international airport is struck on 10 August 2015″ />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> Kabul’s international airport is struck on 10 August 2015n u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Death toll announcementn u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>25 January 2019u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>Afghan President Ashraf Ghani says more than 45,000 members of his country’s security forces have been killed since he became leader in 2014. The figure is far higher than previously thought.u003c/p>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n US signs deal with Talibann u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>29 February 2020u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>The US and the Taliban sign an “agreement for bringing peace” to Afghanistan, in Doha, Qatar. The US and Nato allies agree to withdraw all troops within 14 months if the militants uphold the deal.u003c/p>n n n n u003cfigure class=”figure”>n u003cpicture>n u003cimg class=”figure__img”n src=”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/DB00/production/_119146065_gettyimages_qatar.jpg??v=1.0.202107020951.202107020951″n alt=”The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawal” />n u003c/picture>n u003cfigcaption class=”figure__figcaption gel-brevier” >n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image captionu003c/span> The deal lays out a timetable for full withdrawaln u003cspan class=”figure__attribution”>n u003cspan class=”off-screen”>Image copyright byu003c/span> Gettyn u003c/span>n u003c/figcaption>n u003c/figure>n n n u003c/div>n n u003cdiv class=”timeline”>n u003cdiv class=”timeline__indicator”>n u003c/div>n u003ch3 class=”timeline__header”>n Date for final withdrawaln u003c/h3>n u003cp class=”timeline__date”>n u003ctime>11 September 2021u003c/time>n u003c/p>n n u003cp>US forces are scheduled to withdraw from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021, exactly 20 years since 9/11. 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remaining foreign forces in Afghanistan have left ahead of a September deadline. There are concerns that the Afghan military, who were supposed to take over security in the country, will collapse.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”The vast majority of remaining foreign forces in Afghanistan have left ahead of a September deadline. There are concerns that the Afghan military, who were supposed to take over security in the country, will collapse.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Under a deal with the Taliban, the US and its Nato allies agreed to withdraw all troops in return for a commitment by the militants not to allow any extremist group to operate in the areas they control.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Under a deal with the Taliban, the US and its Nato allies agreed to withdraw all troops in return for a commitment by the militants not to allow any extremist group to operate in the areas they control.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”But the Taliban did not agree to stop fighting Afghan forces, and now reportedly control about a third of the country.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”But the Taliban did not agree to stop fighting Afghan forces, and now reportedly control about a third of the country.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”unorderedList”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”listItem”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”urlLink”,”model”:{“text”:”Who are the Taliban?”,”locator”:”https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11451718″,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Who are the Taliban?”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”listItem”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”urlLink”,”model”:{“text”:”How can the West fight terror after leaving?”,”locator”:”https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56860781″,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”How can the West fight terror after leaving?”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”listItem”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”urlLink”,”model”:{“text”:”US troops must leave by deadline – Afghan Taliban”,”locator”:”https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57714808″,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”US troops must leave by deadline – Afghan Taliban”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”The retreat is the third time Afghan soldiers have fled to Tajikistan over the past three days and the fifth case over the past fortnight. In total, nearly 1,600 soldiers have crossed the border. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”The retreat is the third time Afghan soldiers have fled to Tajikistan over the past three days and the fifth case over the past fortnight. 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Tajik border guards said Afghan soldiers were being provided with shelter and food, but further details were not available. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Zabihullah Atiq, a parliamentarian from Badakhshan, said the troops had used various routes to flee. Tajik border guards said Afghan soldiers were being provided with shelter and food, but further details were not available. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”image”,”model”:{“media”:{“__typename”:”ComponentsImage”,”originalSrc”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg”,”iChefRecipe”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg”,”height”:2,”width”:464,”alt”:”Presentational grey line”,”loading”:”lazy”},”blocks”:[{“type”:”altText”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Presentational grey line”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”rawImage”,”model”:{“height”:2,”width”:464,”locator”:”EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg”,”originCode”:”cpsprodpb”,”copyrightHolder”:”BBC”,”originalSrc”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg”,”iChefRecipe”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/EE1A/production/_119245906_4d8db5c7-0410-4b91-b02b-1e744a31d8a8.jpg”}}]}},{“type”:”crosshead”,”text”:”Army morale sinks as violence spreads”},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”By Kawoon Khamoosh, BBC News”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”By Kawoon Khamoosh, BBC News”,”attributes”:[“bold”]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”With the new surge in violence across the country, Afghan forces are facing an unprecedented level of combat in the absence of foreign troops.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”With the new surge in violence across the country, Afghan forces are facing an unprecedented level of combat in the absence of foreign troops.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Government officials have been tweeting non-stop to keep soldiers motivated by underlying their sacrifices. But much of the troops’ motivation disappears amid news of retreat, collapse of key districts and casualties.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Government officials have been tweeting non-stop to keep soldiers motivated by underlying their sacrifices. But much of the troops’ motivation disappears amid news of retreat, collapse of key districts and casualties.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Military officials in Kabul have talked about “tactical retreat” whenever insurgents made gains, but we hear from commanders in the battlefield about a lack of ammunition, and delays in sending support.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Military officials in Kabul have talked about “tactical retreat” whenever insurgents made gains, but we hear from commanders in the battlefield about a lack of ammunition, and delays in sending support.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”In Badakhshan province, where the government lost significant territory in recent days, local sources say many government officials “escaped” to Kabul way before Taliban attacks.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”In Badakhshan province, where the government lost significant territory in recent days, local sources say many government officials “escaped” to Kabul way before Taliban attacks.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Not only can this dishearten soldiers, but it also raises the bigger question of the loyalty of high-ranking officials in peace talks. Will political leaders – whose families already reside abroad – remain in the country if full-scale civil war erupts?”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Not only can this dishearten soldiers, but it also raises the bigger question of the loyalty of high-ranking officials in peace talks. Will political leaders – whose families already reside abroad – remain in the country if full-scale civil war erupts?”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”image”,”model”:{“media”:{“__typename”:”ComponentsImage”,”originalSrc”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg”,”iChefRecipe”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg”,”height”:2,”width”:464,”alt”:”Presentational grey line”,”loading”:”lazy”},”blocks”:[{“type”:”altText”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Presentational grey line”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”rawImage”,”model”:{“height”:2,”width”:464,”locator”:”10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg”,”originCode”:”cpsprodpb”,”copyrightHolder”:”BBC”,”originalSrc”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg”,”iChefRecipe”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/10F76/production/_119249496_3adfcc52-32c7-48f9-8374-2db52d4882fa.jpg”}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”President Ashraf Ghani insists that Afghan security forces are fully capable of keeping insurgents at bay, but there have also been reports of more soldiers seeking refuge in Pakistan and Uzbekistan to escape the fighting.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”President Ashraf Ghani insists that Afghan security forces are fully capable of keeping insurgents at bay, but there have also been reports of more soldiers seeking refuge in Pakistan and Uzbekistan to escape the fighting.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Neighbouring countries are bracing themselves for a potential influx of refugees if the fighting continues to intensify.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Neighbouring countries are bracing themselves for a potential influx of refugees if the fighting continues to intensify.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen told the BBC the group was not responsible for the recent increase in violence. He insisted that many districts had fallen to the Taliban through mediation after Afghan soldiers refused to fight.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”urlLink”,”model”:{“text”:”Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen told the BBC the group was not responsible for the recent increase in violence”,”locator”:”https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57714808″,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Taliban spokesman Suhail Shaheen told the BBC the group was not responsible for the recent increase in violence”,”attributes”:[]}}]}},{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”. He insisted that many districts had fallen to the Taliban through mediation after Afghan soldiers refused to fight.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”media”,”model”:{“caption”:””US forces remaining would violate Doha agreement” – Taliban”,”media”:{“__typename”:”ElementsMediaPlayer”,”items”:[{“id”:”p09ncnsm”,”title”:”‘US forces remaining would violate Doha agreement’ – Taliban”,”holdingImageUrl”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p09ncqf8.jpg”,”kind”:”programme”,”isEmbeddingAllowed”:true,”isAdvertisingAllowed”:true}]}}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”For the people of Afghanistan, it is a worrying time, says Lyse Doucet, the BBC’s chief international correspondent. The Taliban, who have been accused of various human rights and cultural abuses, support Islamic punishments – such as public executions of convicted murderers – as well as banning television, music and cinema, and disapproving of girls over 10 going to school. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”For the people of Afghanistan, it is a worrying time, says Lyse Doucet, the BBC’s chief international correspondent. The Taliban, who have been accused of various human rights and cultural abuses, support Islamic punishments – such as public executions of convicted murderers – as well as banning television, music and cinema, and disapproving of girls over 10 going to school. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:””They are uncertain about uncertain about their own lives and the futures of their families,” she says.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:””They are uncertain about uncertain about their own lives and the futures of their families,” she says.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Zahra, a 25-year-old resident of Kabul, is among those concerned about the future.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Zahra, a 25-year-old resident of Kabul, is among those concerned about the future.”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:””People are expecting a wider than ever war. A lot of people in Kabul fear that the Taliban might reach us at any time,” she told BBC OS on World Service radio. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:””People are expecting a wider than ever war. A lot of people in Kabul fear that the Taliban might reach us at any time,” she told “,”attributes”:[]}},{“type”:”urlLink”,”model”:{“text”:”BBC OS on World Service radio. “,”locator”:”https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172xxxl70t40gx”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”BBC OS on World Service radio. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”image”,”model”:{“caption”:”Zahra said people in Kabul feared the Taliban could reach the city “at any time””,”copyright”:”Photo supplied”,”media”:{“__typename”:”ComponentsImage”,”originalSrc”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg”,”iChefRecipe”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg”,”height”:549,”width”:976,”alt”:”Zahra, a 25-year-old resident of Kabul”,”loading”:”lazy”},”blocks”:[{“type”:”altText”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Zahra, a 25-year-old resident of Kabul”,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”rawImage”,”model”:{“height”:549,”width”:976,”locator”:”CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg”,”originCode”:”cpsprodpb”,”copyrightHolder”:”Photo supplied”,”originalSrc”:”https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg”,”iChefRecipe”:”https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/CB74/production/_119248025_zahra.jpg”}},{“type”:”caption”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Zahra said people in Kabul feared the Taliban could reach the city “at any time””,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Jamshid, a student at Kabul University, said he did not plan to stay in the country if the Taliban took power. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Jamshid, a student at Kabul University, said he did not plan to stay in the country if the Taliban took power. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”There are also growing concerns about how to protect diplomatic missions in Afghanistan. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”There are also growing concerns about how to protect diplomatic missions in Afghanistan. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Russia on Monday announced that it had temporarily suspended operations at its consulate in the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif because of the deteriorating security situation. Envoy Zamir Kabulov said Afghan troops had surrendered too many districts, making the situation unstable. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Russia on Monday announced that it had temporarily suspended operations at its consulate in the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif because of the deteriorating security situation. Envoy Zamir Kabulov said Afghan troops had surrendered too many districts, making the situation unstable. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”Turkey and Iran have also suspended operations in the city, moving diplomats to Kabul, according to reports. “,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”Turkey and Iran have also suspended operations in the city, moving diplomats to Kabul, according to reports. “,”attributes”:[]}}]}}]}},{“type”:”text”,”model”:{“blocks”:[{“type”:”paragraph”,”model”:{“text”:”US-led forces ousted the Taliban from power in Afghanistan in 2001. The group had been harbouring Osama Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda figures linked to the 9/11 attacks in the US that triggered the invasion. However, it has gradually regained enough strength to seize territory again.”,”blocks”:[{“type”:”fragment”,”model”:{“text”:”US-led forces ousted the Taliban from power in Afghanistan in 2001. The group had been harbouring Osama Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda figures linked to the 9/11 attacks in the US that triggered the invasion. 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